// Copyright 2016 Google LLC // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. // You may obtain a copy of the License at // // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 // // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and // limitations under the License. /* Package datastore provides a client for Google Cloud Datastore. See https://godoc.org/cloud.google.com/go for authentication, timeouts, connection pooling and similar aspects of this package. Basic Operations Entities are the unit of storage and are associated with a key. A key consists of an optional parent key, a string application ID, a string kind (also known as an entity type), and either a StringID or an IntID. A StringID is also known as an entity name or key name. It is valid to create a key with a zero StringID and a zero IntID; this is called an incomplete key, and does not refer to any saved entity. Putting an entity into the datastore under an incomplete key will cause a unique key to be generated for that entity, with a non-zero IntID. An entity's contents are a mapping from case-sensitive field names to values. Valid value types are: - Signed integers (int, int8, int16, int32 and int64) - bool - string - float32 and float64 - []byte (up to 1 megabyte in length) - Any type whose underlying type is one of the above predeclared types - *Key - GeoPoint - time.Time (stored with microsecond precision, retrieved as local time) - Structs whose fields are all valid value types - Pointers to structs whose fields are all valid value types - Slices of any of the above - Pointers to a signed integer, bool, string, float32, or float64 Slices of structs are valid, as are structs that contain slices. The Get and Put functions load and save an entity's contents. An entity's contents are typically represented by a struct pointer. Example code: type Entity struct { Value string } func main() { ctx := context.Background() // Create a datastore client. In a typical application, you would create // a single client which is reused for every datastore operation. dsClient, err := datastore.NewClient(ctx, "my-project") if err != nil { // Handle error. } k := datastore.NameKey("Entity", "stringID", nil) e := new(Entity) if err := dsClient.Get(ctx, k, e); err != nil { // Handle error. } old := e.Value e.Value = "Hello World!" if _, err := dsClient.Put(ctx, k, e); err != nil { // Handle error. } fmt.Printf("Updated value from %q to %q\n", old, e.Value) } GetMulti, PutMulti and DeleteMulti are batch versions of the Get, Put and Delete functions. They take a []*Key instead of a *Key, and may return a datastore.MultiError when encountering partial failure. Mutate generalizes PutMulti and DeleteMulti to a sequence of any Datastore mutations. It takes a series of mutations created with NewInsert, NewUpdate, NewUpsert and NewDelete and applies them atomically. Properties An entity's contents can be represented by a variety of types. These are typically struct pointers, but can also be any type that implements the PropertyLoadSaver interface. If using a struct pointer, you do not have to explicitly implement the PropertyLoadSaver interface; the datastore will automatically convert via reflection. If a struct pointer does implement PropertyLoadSaver then those methods will be used in preference to the default behavior for struct pointers. Struct pointers are more strongly typed and are easier to use; PropertyLoadSavers are more flexible. The actual types passed do not have to match between Get and Put calls or even across different calls to datastore. It is valid to put a *PropertyList and get that same entity as a *myStruct, or put a *myStruct0 and get a *myStruct1. Conceptually, any entity is saved as a sequence of properties, and is loaded into the destination value on a property-by-property basis. When loading into a struct pointer, an entity that cannot be completely represented (such as a missing field) will result in an ErrFieldMismatch error but it is up to the caller whether this error is fatal, recoverable or ignorable. By default, for struct pointers, all properties are potentially indexed, and the property name is the same as the field name (and hence must start with an upper case letter). Fields may have a `datastore:"name,options"` tag. The tag name is the property name, which must be one or more valid Go identifiers joined by ".", but may start with a lower case letter. An empty tag name means to just use the field name. A "-" tag name means that the datastore will ignore that field. The only valid options are "omitempty", "noindex" and "flatten". If the options include "omitempty" and the value of the field is a zero value, then the field will be omitted on Save. Zero values are best defined in the golang spec (https://golang.org/ref/spec#The_zero_value). Struct field values will never be empty, except for nil pointers. If options include "noindex" then the field will not be indexed. All fields are indexed by default. Strings or byte slices longer than 1500 bytes cannot be indexed; fields used to store long strings and byte slices must be tagged with "noindex" or they will cause Put operations to fail. For a nested struct field, the options may also include "flatten". This indicates that the immediate fields and any nested substruct fields of the nested struct should be flattened. See below for examples. To use multiple options together, separate them by a comma. The order does not matter. If the options is "" then the comma may be omitted. Example code: // A and B are renamed to a and b. // A, C and J are not indexed. // D's tag is equivalent to having no tag at all (E). // I is ignored entirely by the datastore. // J has tag information for both the datastore and json packages. type TaggedStruct struct { A int `datastore:"a,noindex"` B int `datastore:"b"` C int `datastore:",noindex"` D int `datastore:""` E int I int `datastore:"-"` J int `datastore:",noindex" json:"j"` } Slice Fields A field of slice type corresponds to a Datastore array property, except for []byte, which corresponds to a Datastore blob. Zero-length slice fields are not saved. Slice fields of length 1 or greater are saved as Datastore arrays. When a zero-length Datastore array is loaded into a slice field, the slice field remains unchanged. If a non-array value is loaded into a slice field, the result will be a slice with one element, containing the value. Loading Nulls Loading a Datastore Null into a basic type (int, float, etc.) results in a zero value. Loading a Null into a slice of basic type results in a slice of size 1 containing the zero value. Loading a Null into a pointer field results in nil. Loading a Null into a field of struct type is an error. Pointer Fields A struct field can be a pointer to a signed integer, floating-point number, string or bool. Putting a non-nil pointer will store its dereferenced value. Putting a nil pointer will store a Datastore Null property, unless the field is marked omitempty, in which case no property will be stored. Loading a Null into a pointer field sets the pointer to nil. Loading any other value allocates new storage with the value, and sets the field to point to it. Key Field If the struct contains a *datastore.Key field tagged with the name "__key__", its value will be ignored on Put. When reading the Entity back into the Go struct, the field will be populated with the *datastore.Key value used to query for the Entity. Example code: type MyEntity struct { A int K *datastore.Key `datastore:"__key__"` } func main() { ctx := context.Background() dsClient, err := datastore.NewClient(ctx, "my-project") if err != nil { // Handle error. } k := datastore.NameKey("Entity", "stringID", nil) e := MyEntity{A: 12} if _, err := dsClient.Put(ctx, k, &e); err != nil { // Handle error. } var entities []MyEntity q := datastore.NewQuery("Entity").Filter("A =", 12).Limit(1) if _, err := dsClient.GetAll(ctx, q, &entities); err != nil { // Handle error } log.Println(entities[0]) // Prints {12 /Entity,stringID} } Structured Properties If the struct pointed to contains other structs, then the nested or embedded structs are themselves saved as Entity values. For example, given these definitions: type Inner struct { W int32 X string } type Outer struct { I Inner } then an Outer would have one property, Inner, encoded as an Entity value. If an outer struct is tagged "noindex" then all of its implicit flattened fields are effectively "noindex". If the Inner struct contains a *Key field with the name "__key__", like so: type Inner struct { W int32 X string K *datastore.Key `datastore:"__key__"` } type Outer struct { I Inner } then the value of K will be used as the Key for Inner, represented as an Entity value in datastore. If any nested struct fields should be flattened, instead of encoded as Entity values, the nested struct field should be tagged with the "flatten" option. For example, given the following: type Inner1 struct { W int32 X string } type Inner2 struct { Y float64 } type Inner3 struct { Z bool } type Inner4 struct { WW int } type Inner5 struct { X Inner4 } type Outer struct { A int16 I []Inner1 `datastore:",flatten"` J Inner2 `datastore:",flatten"` K Inner5 `datastore:",flatten"` Inner3 `datastore:",flatten"` } an Outer's properties would be equivalent to those of: type OuterEquivalent struct { A int16 IDotW []int32 `datastore:"I.W"` IDotX []string `datastore:"I.X"` JDotY float64 `datastore:"J.Y"` KDotXDotWW int `datastore:"K.X.WW"` Z bool } Note that the "flatten" option cannot be used for Entity value fields or PropertyLoadSaver implementers. The server will reject any dotted field names for an Entity value. The PropertyLoadSaver Interface An entity's contents can also be represented by any type that implements the PropertyLoadSaver interface. This type may be a struct pointer, but it does not have to be. The datastore package will call Load when getting the entity's contents, and Save when putting the entity's contents. Possible uses include deriving non-stored fields, verifying fields, or indexing a field only if its value is positive. Example code: type CustomPropsExample struct { I, J int // Sum is not stored, but should always be equal to I + J. Sum int `datastore:"-"` } func (x *CustomPropsExample) Load(ps []datastore.Property) error { // Load I and J as usual. if err := datastore.LoadStruct(x, ps); err != nil { return err } // Derive the Sum field. x.Sum = x.I + x.J return nil } func (x *CustomPropsExample) Save() ([]datastore.Property, error) { // Validate the Sum field. if x.Sum != x.I + x.J { return nil, errors.New("CustomPropsExample has inconsistent sum") } // Save I and J as usual. The code below is equivalent to calling // "return datastore.SaveStruct(x)", but is done manually for // demonstration purposes. return []datastore.Property{ { Name: "I", Value: int64(x.I), }, { Name: "J", Value: int64(x.J), }, }, nil } The *PropertyList type implements PropertyLoadSaver, and can therefore hold an arbitrary entity's contents. The KeyLoader Interface If a type implements the PropertyLoadSaver interface, it may also want to implement the KeyLoader interface. The KeyLoader interface exists to allow implementations of PropertyLoadSaver to also load an Entity's Key into the Go type. This type may be a struct pointer, but it does not have to be. The datastore package will call LoadKey when getting the entity's contents, after calling Load. Example code: type WithKeyExample struct { I int Key *datastore.Key } func (x *WithKeyExample) LoadKey(k *datastore.Key) error { x.Key = k return nil } func (x *WithKeyExample) Load(ps []datastore.Property) error { // Load I as usual. return datastore.LoadStruct(x, ps) } func (x *WithKeyExample) Save() ([]datastore.Property, error) { // Save I as usual. return datastore.SaveStruct(x) } To load a Key into a struct which does not implement the PropertyLoadSaver interface, see the "Key Field" section above. Queries Queries retrieve entities based on their properties or key's ancestry. Running a query yields an iterator of results: either keys or (key, entity) pairs. Queries are re-usable and it is safe to call Query.Run from concurrent goroutines. Iterators are not safe for concurrent use. Queries are immutable, and are either created by calling NewQuery, or derived from an existing query by calling a method like Filter or Order that returns a new query value. A query is typically constructed by calling NewQuery followed by a chain of zero or more such methods. These methods are: - Ancestor and Filter constrain the entities returned by running a query. - Order affects the order in which they are returned. - Project constrains the fields returned. - Distinct de-duplicates projected entities. - KeysOnly makes the iterator return only keys, not (key, entity) pairs. - Start, End, Offset and Limit define which sub-sequence of matching entities to return. Start and End take cursors, Offset and Limit take integers. Start and Offset affect the first result, End and Limit affect the last result. If both Start and Offset are set, then the offset is relative to Start. If both End and Limit are set, then the earliest constraint wins. Limit is relative to Start+Offset, not relative to End. As a special case, a negative limit means unlimited. Example code: type Widget struct { Description string Price int } func printWidgets(ctx context.Context, client *datastore.Client) { q := datastore.NewQuery("Widget"). Filter("Price <", 1000). Order("-Price") t := client.Run(ctx, q) for { var x Widget key, err := t.Next(&x) if err == iterator.Done { break } if err != nil { // Handle error. } fmt.Printf("Key=%v\nWidget=%#v\n\n", key, x) } } Transactions Client.RunInTransaction runs a function in a transaction. Example code: type Counter struct { Count int } func incCount(ctx context.Context, client *datastore.Client) { var count int key := datastore.NameKey("Counter", "singleton", nil) _, err := client.RunInTransaction(ctx, func(tx *datastore.Transaction) error { var x Counter if err := tx.Get(key, &x); err != nil && err != datastore.ErrNoSuchEntity { return err } x.Count++ if _, err := tx.Put(key, &x); err != nil { return err } count = x.Count return nil }) if err != nil { // Handle error. } // The value of count is only valid once the transaction is successful // (RunInTransaction has returned nil). fmt.Printf("Count=%d\n", count) } Pass the ReadOnly option to RunInTransaction if your transaction is used only for Get, GetMulti or queries. Read-only transactions are more efficient. Google Cloud Datastore Emulator This package supports the Cloud Datastore emulator, which is useful for testing and development. Environment variables are used to indicate that datastore traffic should be directed to the emulator instead of the production Datastore service. To install and set up the emulator and its environment variables, see the documentation at https://cloud.google.com/datastore/docs/tools/datastore-emulator. */ package datastore // import "cloud.google.com/go/datastore"